Tej Kohli Explains the 3D Cartoon Making Process

Tej Kohli animation blog shares some useful tips to help you draw a 3D cartoon. Here's the complete tutorial by Tej Kohli.

Drawing a 3D cartoon involves shading or drawing in the dark areas. Suppose your back is facing the sun, then your front will be shaded. Rendering or shading a 2D cartoon adds depth to it and makes it appear like a 3D drawing.

To start drawing a 3D cartoon all you need is a drawing paper, a drawing pencil and few colored drawing pencils.

1. As with any drawing, the first step in a 3D drawing is to decide what to draw. After picking up a object, example a stuffed toy, a tree or a car, make a line drawing of it. Start with a lighter hand first and do the necessary corrections if required. Then, darken the contours using a darker pencil like ebony.

2. Second step , says Tej Kohli is to decide what color the body of the object will be. Color the object in.

3. Place the object in a lighted area and find the shadows. Draw the shadows with a darker shade of the original color you used to color your character's body and head. Render directional shadows using the side of your pencil. Darken an edges, lighten the shadow as it moves toward the light source. If you are using a soft lead pencil, smear with your fingers to make the shadows smoother.

4. When drawing a human character, use a darker shade of the color used for his clothes and skin. On the other hand, if you are drawing an animal you would need only one original color.

5. Create a portfolio of characters and scan them into your computer and print your comic characters.

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Tej Kohli Explains How to Format a Script for an Animated Series

Tej Kohli animation blog is a useful resource for all animation enthusiasts. In this article Tej Kohli has discussed some useful tips to help animators format a script for an animated series.

There is no difference between writing a script for animation and writing a live-action script. The format of both these scripts remain pretty much the same. To format a screenplay or script you can use various word processing programs such as word, but nowadays a variety of screenplay formatting programs are available that makes this process easier and seamless. There is a standard format for a screenplay or script that is accepted industry-wise. If you want to deliver a professional looking, quality and finished script, you would certainly need a properly formatted screenplay.

Tej Kohli offers some handy tips for the writers and animators.

1. Write an outline : Figure out the duration of the episode or the animated movie you are making. Then start writing an outline that summarizes the primary high and low points in the plot. Then, develop story points to 'beats' that are central to the plot of the movie. Weave the story around these beats.

2. Write about the characters : A common practice that a lot of screenplay writers do is to develop their characters by using a technique called back story. Back story gives a basic idea about the characters and helps a writer imagine how and why characters act and react. These stories helps the writers understand why a character reacts in a particular way. This helps the writer to take the story forward.

3. Determine action sequences using outline: A characteristic difference between animation script and a live action script is in the use of action. An animated script is full of action since the animated characters can be put in rather perilous situations than live-action actors. While an action sequence is written very clearly and concisely, an animator uses the script as a blueprint to develop the action sequences.

4. Write dialogues: Dialogues, like in live-action scripts, helps to take the story further. However, live action scripts can proceed slowly than animated ones as live actors can interpret their parts as they interpret their character. Whereas, an animation script moves faster as it is the essence of animation to keep things, characters and situations moving. As most animation characters talk in short, quick sentences, it is important that the dialogues are sharp, quick and snappy. Avoid writing long speeches.

5. Rewrite : Once you have completed the first draft, leave it for a while. Then, with a fresh mid, review the script for movement, action and dialogue. If there is any action sequence which is not clear and concise, rewrite it. Cut the dialogues short if need be. And remember to correct typos, if any.

Tej Kohli is an entrepreneur and philanthropist located in San Jose, Costa Rica. In this blog, Tej Kohli covers all the important aspects of 3D animation to help beginners start their career journey.

Tej Kohli's Free Tools for Creating 3D Characters

Tej Kohli animation career blog helps 3D beginners to learn the basics of 3D animation with the simple guides and tutorials by Tej Kohli. In this article Tej Kohli talks about some FREE tools for making 3D characters which animators can use.

In the recent times, movies like Dreamworks's 'Shrek' series and Pixar's 'Toy Story' films have motivated a lot of people to try to develop 3d characters of their own. However, the computer hardware and software required to make such characters are very expensive. Fortunately, a developing open source software clan and a reasonably priced, high end computer hardware has made it accessible for anyone willing to put in his time and effort.

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  Blender – A free, open source software, Blender offers a huge range of features that are enough to create an ideal 3-D character. The package includes modeling, sculpting, rigging and rendering features, including skeleton creation with polygon meshes, and UV maps. Blender also let artists to add animation effects to their characters. Furthermore, its compatibility with all leading OS makes Blender an attractive free choice amongst animators.


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  Anim8or – It is another popular open-source program which is also free. However, Amim8or doesn't have some of the more advanced features of blender. But, it has all the functionalities required to create a 3D characters including primitives for structure building, splines for curvature and texture effects. Images can be exported in various standard image formats like .JPG and .BMP. It also has animation options.


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  3D canvas – Created by Amabilis, 3D canvas is available in both a free version and two, more sophisticated pay versions. While the free version provides basic introduction to 3D modeling and animation. The features include 3D primitives, real-time rendering, background images and splines.


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  DAZ Studio 3 – Basically developed for 3D character modeling, DAZ Studio 3 also comes in free and paid versions. Aimed at beginners, the free version also features the drag and drop functionality. It also comes with photo realistic and cartoon rendering options, primitives and background images. The make the character creation simpler, the software also provides free pre-made 3D models and accessories

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Tej Kohli Explains How to Create Animated 3D Models and 3D Movie Scenes

Tej Kohli animation career blog is back with another easy to understand tutorial on how to create animated 3D model and make 3D movie scenes. Read the complete guide below on Tej Kohli Blog.

Creating 3D movie scenes with animated models is something that artists make with design software like Blender or Maya. These programs come equipped with functions for making 3D scene's models and generating series of animated images embracing those models. The first thing than an artist must create when making a 3D movie is its model and environment. This may involve exhaustive research and groundwork into prior related artwork. With proper research artists are able to create authentic models, for example the Titanic Ship model in the movie Titanic. Advantages of creating 3D scenes with models are many but most important is the personal satisfaction of creating a world out of your own imagination.

1. To begin, open a 3D design & animation program on your computer. Then click the 'create' or 'draw' in the menu. This step starts a procedure that will bring out a 3D scene demonstrating a ball bouncing into a basket. It is a sample project which will introduce you to various concepts and procedures you can execute while making other animated scenes.

2. Under the 'create' menu, click the 'box' item. Then click and drag in the 'perspective' viewport to create the box's base. Once the box fills the view-port's screen, release the mouse and slightly drag upwards to form the box's height. After this click to finish the box. You have created a ground model on which the ball will bounce.

3. Start creating the ball by clicking on the 'sphere' item under the 'create' menu. Then click and drag anywhere atop the ground you created in the last step to create the ball. Release the mouse once the ball has reached its ideal size.

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4. Click the 'create' menu's 'cylinder' item. Click and drag on the ground model an a position opposite to that of the ball. This action will ascertain the cylinder's base. To grow the cylinder's height, release the mouse and drag upwards. Click again to complete the cylinder.

5. Next, select the 'animation' menu heading and then click the 'make keyframe' function under it. This action will generate a frame of the 3D movie. The software will automatically calculate the movie frames between your key-frames to complete the movie.

6. Keep dragging the animation time slider at the bottom of your screen until it frame counter reads '50'. Movie's current frame advances with this action and enables artist to create a new keyframe.

7. Select the ball and then click you 'Modify' menu's 'move' command. This command allows you to move 3D models. Then drag the ball in upward direction and little towards the cylinder. Then create another keyframe as instructed in step 5.

8. Drag the animation time slider to frame 100, then move the ball back down to the ground, and slightly closer to the basket. Make another keyframe.

9. Repeat this cycle of increasing the animation time slider by 50 frames, moving the ball toward the basket's top, then making a keyframe. Once the ball has reached the basket, continue to the next step.

10. Click the "Animation" menu's "Preview" command to view the ball bouncing into the basket.

11. Click the "Render" menu's "Render animation" command to produce a more realistically shaded version of the completed animated scene.

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Tej Kohli Answers Who Invented 3D Animation

Tej Kohli animation Career help blog brings another informative piece of article on who invented 3D animation. Find out who contributed to the evolution of 3d with Tej Kohli.

When someone asks me who invented 3D animation, I simply reply that there is no one person responsible for creation of 3D animation. Instead, it is an outcome of the combined efforts of various innovators, artists and advancements in the field of technology.

Advent of Computer Art
"Computer graphics in the olden days were clunky and difficult to create", says Tej Kohli. Users had to produce their computer art by inputting complicated mathematical equations and coordinates. It was after Ivan Sutherland's created the Sketchpad software in 1961 that caused computer graphics to take off. This program allowed users to use a light pen to actually draw images for a computer to replicate. His software became the inspiration for much of the computer graphics software we use today.

Digitalization of the world
Thomas knoll created Adobe Photoshop as a simple photo editing tool, but by the early nineties a lot of magazines advertising agencies and film studies started using Photoshop and Illustrator to produce their mass market images. This led to the growth of these softwares and paved way for 3d Animation says Tej Kohli.

Disney Goes Digital
Disney ruled the 2D animation industry until the late 10930s and was at its peak during the 1980s. During what was known as Disney renaissance, animators looked for new ways to make their movies different. They began to animate more detailed elements using 2D animation software.

Full Digital Movies
Disney people searched for cost- and time- effective techniques to churn out more of their immensely lucrative films per year. A company called Graphics Group launched a computer system that allowed animators to automate the laborious ink and coloring parts of the process. With the release of "Pocahantas" in 1995, Disney became the first animation studio to use this computer process for a complete film.

Pixar
John Lasseter, an employee at the Graphics Group, created 3-D short animation films to help sell their products. These short films gained so much attention that Disney and the Graphics Group (renamed Pixar) teamed up to release "Toy Story" in 1995. The film was a success and proved to cost less and take less time than producing 2-D animated films. Pixar's subsequent film releases, and those of other animation studios, proved that 3-D would be the future of animation.

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Tej Kohli's Facts About 3D Animators

Tej Kohli blog for Animation Career help shares another informative article by Tej Kohli, stating some facts about 3D animation.

As the computer technology continues to advance by leaps and bounds, 3D animation has branched out into many sub-fields like gaming, cinema, advertising, engineering and education. To cope with the ever-increasing demand, several companies are innovating new 3D animation programs of various complexities and secondary educational institutes are offering courses in various niches related to this field.

History : its was in the 1980s when 3D computer animation picked up popularity with music videos like 'Money for nothing' by Dire Straits and movies like 'Tron'. The demand for 3D animators has only grown since then and has become the foundation of numerous companies and businesses.

Functions : Disney's “Toy Story”was the first ever feature film in 3D. Following the suit, many other companies also released a number of super-hit 3D animation features, movies and television shows. Apart from movies and television, 3D animation has become the backbone of gaming industry ever since the 32- bit gaming systems where introduced in the market. In addition to entertainment, professional industries like engineering, aerospace, mechanical engineering and architecture have come to rely heavily on the 3D animation for design and stimulation purposes.

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Education: Most of the basicas most skills that a 3D animator must possess are almost same for both entertainment and other industries. In general parlance, 3D animation has become synonymous to the 'game design'. As most renowned universities tend to focus more on game design aspect of 3D, it is usually a wiser decision for an animator to opt for best game design programs over anything else.

Tools : Nowadays, there are plethora of 3D animation software available in the market vying for users at various skill levels. Some of the these programs emphasize on actual animation of people, animals, machine and other moving creatures, others focus on 3D illustration of backdrops.

Benefits : As 3D animators are still in a huge demand, if you complete your course from a reputed university chances are that you might fetch a high paying job ranging from $40,000 to $60,000 a year. Luckily, if your project becomes a hit, you can start making six figures per year.

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Tej Kohli Tips on How To Draw a 3D animals

Tej Kohli blog brings some more useful tips to help you create those basic 3D layouts. Read more and learn more with Tej Kohli Animation Career Help Blog.

By adding 3D characteristics and elements to your design you can make them appear more realistic and jump off the page. Incorporating these elements is easy and even children can use these techniques to enhance their simple line drawings to add depth to the animals and make them stand out of the backdrops. The first rule of thumb in 3D drawings is always draw in pencil, as it makes it easier to add shading and rectify the mistakes. However, once the basic drawing is ready, it can be later enhanced with colors.

1. Shading in the portion of animals creates depth. Rendering with a light color makes an object look closer while a darker color makes it look distant. For example, because the nose of the dog protrudes out, if drawing illustrates a dog's face head on, his nose area would be lighter than its cheeks and forehead.

2. Adding shadows will make animal pop put from its background. After deciding what direction the light would fall from, make all the shadows uniform. Given that the sun were directly in front f the animal, the shadow would fall behind it. Alternatively, if the light is coming from the left, the shadow would be slanted towards the right.

3. Instead of rendering the flat lines, add views from the side and back angles. For example, you may add a slanted line alongside the outline of the animal's leg to create a rounded limb. By showing a slight view of the side of the leg other than the front makes the limb emerge from the plain and give drawing a 3D quality.

4. Use proportion to help the animal stand out. If the head of the horse is facing towards the front and body is extended behind it, the front legs should be slightly larger than the hind legs since they are father from the view.

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Tej Kohli's Free 3D Animation Tools

In the wake of the several award-winning 3D animation movies, a lot of students and computer design graduates find themselves interesting in taking up a career in 3D animation movies. Tej Kohli animation career blog has always strived to help those seeking a creer in animation field. Even though this field demands sheer dedication and hard work, this career can pay off good in the long run. Nowadays, you can choose from a plethora of 3D animation programs that can be used to create any desired effect. Tej Kohli Animation Career Blog brings you an overview of some such 3D animation tools.

1. Blender – an open-source selection of 3D animation tools and is available totally free of cost online. Tej Kohli feels that this is an excellent program for beginners to use so as to determine whether 3D animation is the right career path for you. This program in many versions compatible with all popular OS.

2. Poser – a program developed by SmithMicro software, poser provides the most powerful 3D animation tools that are used by professional animators. The newest version of Poser gives students an opportunity to create 3D faces from digital images which can later be improved with additional features like hair, clothing and other accessories. Again this program is compatible with all leading operating systems.

3. Mudbox – Created by Autodesk and first implemented in the blockbuster remake of 'king kong', MudBox is an awesome animation software says Tej Kohli. Mudbox makes use of virtual brushes to better adapt to the needs to modern digital designers and animators. 3D characters created using Mudbox can easily be manipulated, posed or deformed to create real 3D effects. The built-in scene recorder in Mudbox can record short sequences and is available in windows and Mac compatible versions.

4. After Effects : Straight from the Adobe labs comes the Adobe After Effects, which is compatible with Adobe family's other image and video-editing applications. This software allows users to seamlessly import their work from other programs for 3D rendering. It is compatible with both Windows and Mac.
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Learn How to Create 3D Animations with Tej Kohli

Tej Kohli explains the art of creating 3D animation on your computer.

The three dimensional animations or 3D animations as they are popularly called are an aspect of art form that requires state-of-the-art computers and software applications. 3D animation is comparatively easier than 2D and can be done by anybody for both commercial or personal purposes. All you need to have is some basic knowledge of the computer, a few creative ideas and you can create 3D animation with ease. Given below is Tej Kohli's step by step guide to creating 3D animation:

1. To begin with, using a pencil draw on a paper what you want to create as your 3D character.




2. Now, select a 3D animation software to create your animations. There are plenty of free 3D software available on the internet such as Anim8or or Blendor.




3. Download, install and launch the 3D animation software. Also make sure that you learn all the functions by reading instruction manuals that come along with the software.




4. Follow the instructions in the manual to create your drawing and save it side by side.

Remember, that practice makes the man perfect, and this stands true in this respect as well.

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Tej Kohli's 3D Animation Glossary - J, K and L

Check out Tej Kohli's animation glossary for the alphabets J,K and L. Tej Kohli blog brings you a comrehensive list of animation related words, to help you improve your vocabulary.

Joints
Points of articulation between the bones in a character rig.

Keyframe
An image, or set of attributes for a 3D scene, used as a reference point in animation. The artist usually sets up keyframes manually at significant points in the action, and the computer calculates the in between values automatically.

Lathing
A modelling technique in which a two-dimensional profile is duplicated in rotation around a reference axis, and the duplicates joined up to create a continuous three-dimensional surface. Lathing is particularly useful for creating objects with rotational axes of symmetry, such as plates, glasses, vases or wheels.

Layer
A level of an image that can be edited independently of the rest of the image.

Lens
In a real camera, a lens is a curved piece of glass or other transparent material that focuses light onto the film. Modern 3D software is capable of simulating a variety of optical distortions created by imperfections in real-world lenses, adding realism to the rendered output.

Lens Flare
A bright pattern on an image caused by the reflection and refraction of light within a camera. Although lens flares are actually artefacts of the photographic process, many 3D software packages offer artists the opportunity to add them deliberately in order to increase the realism of rendered output.

Light
A point or volume that emits light onto a 3D object. Types of light supported within 3D packages include Point lights, which emit light in all directions from a single point; Spot lights, which emit light in a cone; Distant or Directional lights, which emit light rays in parallel, illuminating all surfaces within a scene; and Area lights, which emit light from two-dimensional surfaces.

Lip Synching
The process of matching a character’s facial movements to a spoken soundtrack during facial animation.

Lofting
A modelling technique in which a continuous three-dimensional surface is created by selecting and
joining multiple two-dimensional cross sections or profiles.

Look Development
The process of developing the look of a 3D scene by compositing separate render passes together in
different permutations.

Low-Poly Modelling
The process of creating simplified models with low polygon counts, usually for use in videogames, where scenes must be rendered in real time, by software with a limited ability to handle complex models.

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3D Animation Glossary : H

Tej kohli want to make young generation to choose their own way and having skills which according to market needs and requirement. Tej Kohli 3D animation glossary brings some technical terms which starts with word H.
Hard-Body Dynamics : Basically it has many meaning and know as many other words like some times pounced as rigid-body dynamics , hard body dynamics which can be used to simulate the
physical behaviour of rigid objects that do not deform upon collision.
Hardware Rendering : Sometimes called as display rendering , a 3D scene within the viewports on a 3D software which is basically hardware rendering preview. Which used for providing real time on-screen feedback about the effects of changes makes to the scene and omit processor intensive effects like volumetrics, shadowing and realistic refraction.
HDRI : Basically HDRI stands for ‘High Dynamic Range Image ‘ and which is a 2D image which used in a file format with greater range of luminance values which is greater than a standard Bitmap image HDR images are often used as environment maps in image-based lighting techniques to create subtle, real-world lighting effects.
Hierarchy : When we describe a model then the relationship between sub-objects , as like one scene to another scene . Existence of any sub-objects classifies as parents , children or even independents . There are motion in such a way that parents objects can effect child objects but child effects cannot affect parent objects.
History : While an 3D scene is created many object values had been changed as a record of the previous values of the object had saved and enable user to get previous view of the scene . This is called 3D animation objects history and most valuable during modeling process.
Hull : A series of straight lines connecting the CVs of a NURBS surface.
HDR/Rendering/HDRR: Also know as ‘High Dynamic Range ‘which is using for rendering 3D compute graphics scene by using lightning calculations done in high definition range . Basically it is new lighting model used to illuminate 3D worlds. Video and computer games and many animation movies for creating more realistic scenes than with conventional lighting models.
Heightmap : For three-dimensional data , grayscale image is used . Mostly used in bump mapping , displacement mapping and for for terrain mesh generation. . In a heightmap, the intensity of a pixel's color represents the height displacement of the mesh's corresponding coordinate. A white pixel represents the highest point in the map while a black pixel marks the lowest point in the map.
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3D Animation Glossary : G

Tej kohli finds that animation now growing its feather and proving much of opportunity for every age person. Tej Kohli 3D Animation Glossary now defines words starts with word ‘G’.


Global Illumination : It be radiosity or even ray tracing rendering techniques in wider sense . Basically it is a measurement for computing the all possible light interaction between surface while a scene is made for making true image which seems to be real time images . For this combination of all diffuse and specular reflection are used. For Global Illumination simulation many effects like that color bleeding caustics are also included.
Graph Editor : While we design an object in an imaging , many times shapes , shades and color of objects need to be changed . Making an object and for setting through various scene requires various attributes of objects be changed according to time while displayed graphically , in the form of F-Curve . For this special software are attached with GUI which are known as Graph Editor
Grime Map : Also known as ‘dirt maps’, grime maps are two-dimensional images applied to a particular channel of a material. When the image is projected across the surface of an object, it breaks up that channel’s flat, even value, creating realistic surface variations.
Group: A set of sub-objects within a model or scene that move and behave as a single entity, yet can still be split apart (ungrouped), if necessary. Most complicated models are constructed from several less complex parts that need to maintain the same spacing and orientation; grouping provides a way of locking the relative positions of the objects without joining them permanently.
GUI: Graphical User Interface. An iconbased interface that controls a 3D software package. Although the GUI varies from program to program, there are certain basic conventions
governing the layout of the main professional 3D applications.
Global illumination:
Family of algorithms wich, when determining the light falling on a surface, take into account not only the light which has taken a path directly from a light source (direct illumination), but also light which has undergone reflection from other surfaces in the world (indirect illumination).
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3D Animation Glossary : F

Tej Kohli defines 3D animations mostly used technical terms which are started with Word ‘F’. Comprehensive guide for making career in 3D animation by Tej Kohli.

Face: The face usually defined as back and front of extruded object. Basically object which is used to make an 3D extruded object.
Fall-off : Basically it cab be di\fibed as diminishes of light intensity while the distance increase from the source . In matically its can be calculated inverse square law .that states “intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance.” But while we are considering 3D animation Fall-Off we have to do different type of calculations .

F-Curve : It’s an abbreviation of Function curve which is displayed in the Graph editor of 3D Software package which is used in animation process in many times like display and to control a particular attribute of an object with in different time frame
File Format : 3D object scene or or data making up in which format is stored are called File format . Basically now a day s only two types of 3D file format are available for storing object ,
like LWO which is also known as LightWave and the next one is 3DS format in 3ds max , containing geometry details and object surface properties. LWS and MAX are basically equivalents, because both contain global information about lighting animation and camera data .Some other widely used 3D Animation file format are DXF and IGES which are used in CAD and NURBS models .OBJ object format and cross platform FBX format developed by Kaydara for the interchange of motion data between 3D applications.
Flythrough : It is special type of animation in which camera moves around the scene, usually objects moving infront of stationary camera.
Forward Kinematics: It is also known as FK , which is character animation techniques used for controlling motion of bones in a chain , lets imagine a limb , for that rotation propagate from bone to bone towards the free end of the chain.
Frame: Frame is basically are two dimensional image , but while we are discussing in computer term . its be nothing but be ‘frames per second’ (fps) which measurement of number of images which be displayed per second to give the impression of moving image .Some features of Frames are film work, this value is usually 24; for the European PAL broadcast format, 25; and for the US NTSC broadcast format, 30 fps.


F-Stop The common term for the aperture setting (f-number) of a lens; the f-number is equal to the focal length of a lens divided by the diameter of the aperture
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3D Animation Glossary : C -II

Tej Kohli giving some useful abbreviation that start with capital 'C' and widely used in animation.

CGI : Its stands for “Computer Generated Imagery” . With the use of computer software and technology or even we can say images generated by computer aid are known as CGI. Many persons are in believes that CGI is only related to 3D animation, but in reality it is widely applicable in various point.
Channel : Channel has different means in different terms , while we discussing Two-dimensional image , it refer to be a sub-image composed only of the values fro a single component of a given pixel. Different type if image color system has different channel like grayscale has only one color , RGB has three color and CMYK has four color .For the material object its applies to be one particular subset of the properties which determines the way in which a surface reacts to light, including colour, reflectivity, transparency, diffusion, specularity and bump.
Character Animation : Animation sub area which deals with the simulation of living obejects varied movements. Before making the object model move an underlying skeleton , constraints and controller must be set which called rigging process.
Colour Bleeding : Transferring of color of one object color to neighboring object because of light bouncing from one surface to other. For example caustics, colour bleeding is a complex real-world lighting effect, and one that rendering software has only recently become able to simulate accurately.
Colour Space : Mathematical calculation for defining way of color representation in an image . Some common and well known color spaces includes are RGB (Red , Green , Blue ) having 24bit depth and mostly used in broadcasting applications. Little known but widely used color schema is CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black) having 32 bit depth and mostly used in print illustration work .
Compositing : Process of combining multiple image into one image . Mostly used in film for
Making live actor with computer generated background reverse also true. Also used for multi-pass rendering to combine the various render passes in different ways to control the look of a scene.
Compression : Process of reducing quantity of data in the making of an image . Compression is very affective tool but its can de be non-destructive (‘lossless’) or destructive (‘lossy’), in which data set is discarded permanently. For example converting still image into JPEG.
Constrain : To restrict the motion of an object to one or two planes, or to a certain range of values within a plane, in order to simplify the process of animation. Constraints are commonly imposed on joints within a skeleton during the process of rigging a character for animation, in
order to prevent that character from performing actions that would be physically impossible.
Constructive Solid Geometry : A modeling technique that combines simple solid forms, or
primitives, into more complex models, by means of Boolean operations. Common primitives
include the plane, the cube, the sphere, the cone and the torus.
Co-ordinate System : A set of numerical values used to denote a location in 3D space. In the
Cartesian co-ordinate system, three orthogonal ‘world axes’ (the X, Y and Z axes) are used to define the position of a point relative to the intersection of these axes, or origin. Other co-ordinate systems can be used for modeling and texture projection.
CV : Control Vertex. A control point used to manipulate the shape of a NUBS curve.
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3D Animation Glossary : B

Beauty Pass : Beauty pass is one the scene that features most significant information about objects , when rendering multiple passes of the scene. It contain main full-coloring
rendering of those objects, including diffuse illumination and does not having any significance with reflections, highlights, and shadows, which are usually separate passes.
Bit Depth: Bit is the smallest unit for storing object in memory , A 1 bit image is Black and white , 8 bit image provide 256 color palette, 24-Bit provides 16.7 million color that also called true color . A 32-bit image provides the same palette, plus an 8-bit greyscale alpha channel. So Bit Depth is nothing but “number of bits used to define shade or color of each pixel with in an image.
Bitmap : An image arranged accordingly to bit location in columns. Resolution of a PostScript file processed through a RIP will have a bitmap image with the characteristics and resolution of the particular output device (for example, laser printer at 300 upto 1200dpi, imagesetters at 1270dpi upto 5080dpi).
Blinn :Shading.
Blue screen Footage :Its can be defined as live footage shot against with single backdrop color (either green or blue) with a view to composition it into computer generated background. Every pixel with the same color value as the backdrop is replaced by CG image.
Bone: Rigid object similar to real bone which is placed inside the ‘skeleton’ of
a character during the process of rigging it for animation Bone movement acts upon the mesh
of the character model, deforming it.

Boolean : In the animation terminology Boolean is nothing but making an object , combining two objects with mathematical operators. The operation which are applied on that objects are subtraction , merging or even intersection of two objects.
Bounding Box : Smallest regular shaped box which enclosed a 3D object usually rectangular in shape .
Bump Map : 3D software package used a black and white image to simulate three dimensional detail of on the surface of an object . When projected over the surface of the object, parts of the surface beneath white areas of the image are raised; those beneath black
areas are depressed. Bump mapping is purely a rendering effect, however, and does not affect the underlying geometry of the model.
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What is 3D animation?

Being educated in 3D animation can open various filed like film , software etc for making career. Bureau of Labor Statistics yearly reports reveals that 3D animation expending opportunities in USA.
What is 3D animation?
Process of making characters or even computer OBJECTS (IN oops) like that they move and generate desired action. In comparison to 2d animation 3D animation image, we are able to see different angle and move around and became observable from all the angles ., like we are watching real life live objects . It’s a very new technology in comparison of currently existing technology and as 3D animation movie or even small part of movie can take time and many 3D animator help that’s why more and more 3D animator get job and work in our field . Basically person who are interested in making career in entertainment , video game industries 3D animation is best option for these people . In Real estate industry also much opportunity exist for 3D animation because now the planning of the city , building are also makes by 3D animation such that thee attract more and more people . Besides that you have technology capability and specialization in video graphics and special effects but besides that it require person own artistic talent and creativity.
Because competition exists for such positions, one who specializes in more than area of animation, demonstrating greater job flexibility, may have a greater chance of landing a higher paying job. College, universities, and technical schools offer a variety of courses in animation, graphic design or computer programming designed to prepare one for the animation, video graphics, and special effects industry. Earning a higher education, whether it is just taking individual courses or pursuing a certificate or degree program, may be beneficial for one's future career options.
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